^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 






UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



\ 



HOW TO TELL 



The Agx of the Domestic Animals. 



aSxiautard, m.d., h.f.r.c.v.s. 



Professor of Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Sanitary Medicine to the American 
Veterinary College, N. Y. 




V 9F C©' ^^v>. 



NEW yoKK : 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 

Veterinary Publisher and Bookseller, 

No. 850 Sixth Avenue, 

1885. 



Copyright, 1885, 
"WILLIAM E. JENKINS. 



IZ 






HowtoTelltheAge 



Domestic Animals, 



THE AGE OF THE HOESE. 

The best and only scientific way to tell the age of 
animals is by the teeth. This knowledge, though 
put in practice for many years, was however never 
brought to almost perfection until Pessina and Gi- 
rard, Jr., had made known all the characters, almost 



4 How TO TELL THE AgE 

positive, by which the age of horses could be de- 
tected after eight years. 

The lower incisive s, in herbivora, are those which 
present us those characters ; the upper being more 
irregular in their wear, and more difficult to examine 
and observe. 

The lower incisives are divided into : — Nippers, 
A, (Fig. 1) ; Dividers, B ; Corners, C. 




Fig. 1. 



Each one has a free part, or crown, and a portion 
contained in the alveolar cavity, the root. 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 5 

The crown has an anterior A, (Fig. 2), and a pos- 



? -K 




Fis:. 2. 



terior face B, an internal C, an external D, an ante- 
rior E, and a posterior border F, surrounding at the 
superior extremity a cavity — the external dental cavity 



6 How TO Tell the Age 

— which by the wearing of the borders becomes small- 
er, until, when almost disappeared, the tooth is said 
to be worn. 

Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal section of a tooth, ex- 




Fig. 3. 



hibiting the structure : aa', enamel; bb', dentine or 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 7 

ivory, entirely surrounded by the enamel ; c, dental 
pulp contained in the internal dental cavity, which 
shows itself on the dental table as a white mark, 
known as the dental star. 

Fig. 4 is a transverse section, showing, a, the cul- 
de-sac of the external dental cavity surrounded by b, 
central enamel, with c, the dental star — first shade of 
the internal dental cavity; the whole being sur- 
rounded by d, the surrounding enamel. 




¥\x. 4. 



8 



How TO Tell the Age 



Fig. 5 points out the various shapes of the tooth 
in different parts of its length. First, flattened from 
forward backwards ; then oval ; then rounded, tri- 
angular and biangular, or flattened from side to side. 
These various shapes will be most essential in de- 
termining the age in the third period of life of the 
animal. 




Fig. 5. 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 9 

Fig. 6 is a milk or caduct tooth, and Fig. 7 repre- 
sents the canine or tusks, which are missing in mares, 
or, if they exist, are onl}^ rudimentar3^ 





Fig. 6. 



Fig. 7. 



The incisors implanted in the two maxillary bones 
form what is known as the incisive arch. Meeting 
naturally those of the upper with those of the lower 
jaw they form two arches or curves — one from above 
below, and one from one side to the other, supero- 
inferior and transversal arch, which vary much,'ac- 



10 How TO Tell the Age 

cording to the age of tlie animal and specially in the 
old ones. 

A tooth is said to be worn when the external den- 
tal cavity has been much reduced in depth by wear- 
ing of the plate, and Avhen there remains but the 
cul de sac of the same cavity surrounded by central 
enamel. 

The life of an animal may be divided, taking in 
consideration the changes that take place in the 
evolution and alteration of the teeth, into three 
periods : 

1st. — Change of caduct teeth. 

2d. — Growth and wearing of the adult. 

3d. — Change in the adult. 



FIEST PERIOD. 

Colts are generally born in the Spring — no in- 
cisives present. First and second molar, and at 
the end of the first month, the third molar. The 
incisives, however, will make their appearance in 
from twenty-four hours to a few days. The nippers 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 



H 



then come out by their anterior border, and at one 
month (Fig. 8) the posterior border is on a level. 




Fic'. 8. 



About the same time the dividers begin to show 
themselves, and for some time the colt remains 
with eight incisives only, the growth taking place 
between thirty and forty days (Fig. 9). 




Fig. 9. 



12 How TO Tell the Age. 

The corners vary in their growth between the sixth 
and tenth months (Fig. 10). 




Fig. 10. 



All these teeth, as they gradually appear, undergo 
a process of wearing, and in this way we obtain 
another character, viz. : that the caduct nippers are 
worn at about ten months to a year, the dividers 
are at eighteen months, and at two years a full mouth 
of worn milk teeth is found. 



SECOND period. 



2^ to Sl, Appearance and growth of the caduct 
nippers ; milk dividers and corner teeth worn (Fig. 11). 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 13 




Fig. 11. 
Si to 4. The nippers are those of second dentition. 
The permanent dividers make 'their appearance and 
grow out of the alveoli. Milk corner teeth worn 
loose, more or less, and ready to make room for the 
corners of second dentition (Fig. 12). 




Fig. 12. 
5 years. The nippers are worn more or less com- 
pletely. The dividers are on a level with the hip- 



1'4 How TO Tell the Age. 

pers, and have their posterior border on a level with 
the anterior (Fig. 13). 




Fi-. 13. 

The corners are lower than the dividers. There 
is a notch on the posterior border which is lower than 
the anterior. Sometimes this notch is very deep 
and extends down on the posterior face of the tooth, 
which is then called a shell tooth. 

Then the corners are fresh and well grown out. 
The two dental arches form a regular semi-circle 
from above below, and from one side to the other. 

6 years. The nippers are worn. The cul-de-sac of 
the external dental cavity is slightly worn in its 
middle. 

The dividers are becoming worn ; the corners are 
on a level with the dividers, and present their ante- 
rior border worn down (Fig. 14). 



OF THE DOMEBTIC AnIMALS. 



15 




Fig. U. 

7 years. In tlie nippers the central enamel is be- 
coming triangular. The diyiders are worn and have 
the external cul-de-sac slightly concave in the mid- 
dle, while in the corners the posterior border is worn 
some and the tooth also begins to wear. It is not 
uncommon to find at that age a notch on the superior 
corners (Fig. 15). 




Fi-. 15. 



16 



How TO Tell the Age 



8 years. The nippers are oval, the central enamel 
is narrow and near the posterior border. The divid- 
ers are becoming oval and present a central enamel 
triangular. The corners are worn and show their 
central enamel concave well in the middle of the 
dental plate. 

It is then, at that age of 8 j^ears, that all the teeth 
of second dentition are worn (Fig. 16). 




Fij?. 16. 



THIRD PERIOD. 



9 years. The nippers are rounded, their central 
enailiel round is very near the posterior border. 

The dividers are yet oval and have the central en- 
amel much like that of the nippers. 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 



17 



In the corners, wliich are oval, the central enamel 
is still of a triangular shape (Fig. 17). 




Pig. 17. 



10 years. The nippers are rounded. The central 
enamel, which is round, is still nearer the posterior 
border, and is small. The dividers are nearly round, 
while the corners still remain oval. The supero- 
inferior arch of the teeth becomes more angular. 

11 years. The central enamel has disappeared in 
the nippers, while in the others it is very small. All 
the teeth are round. On the surface of the nippers 
and between what remains of the central enamel on 
the dividers and corners, appears the cul-de-sac of 



18 



How TO Tell the Age 



the internal dental cavity, the dental star, as a small 
yellow or grayish band, transverse and situated be- 
tween the enamel and the anterior border of the 
tooth. 

12 years. All the teeth are rounded, and in all the 
central enamel has disappeared. The teeth meet 
still more in forming an angle open towards the 
mouth (Fig. 18). 




J.3 years. There is but little change with the above. 
All the teeth have yet the same shape — they are all 
rounded. 

14 years. The nippers are becoming triangular. 
The dividers -and corners remain roimded. The 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 



19 



transverse arch of tlie teeth becomes narrower 
(Eig. 19). 




Fig. ID. 

16 years. The nippers are triangular, the dividers 
becoming so, the corners still rounded. 

16 years. The dividers are nearly triangular and 
the corner teeth assuming that shape. 




Fij?. 20. 



20 



How TO Tell the Age 



17 years. The corners are still more so (Fig. 20), 
and at 18 years the incisive arch is occupied with 
triangular teeth all through (Fig. 21). 




rig. 21. 



19 years. The last change begins. The nippers 
assume a flattened sideways shape. At 

20 years they are flattened from side to side, the 
dividers becoming so. At 

21 years these last are also flattened sideways, 
when at 

22 years the entire arch contains also teeth flat- 
tened in the same conditions, representing -the last 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 21 

form represented by the tooth towards its root (Fig. 

22.) 

i 




Bs* 22. 

From 19 years the horizontality of the teeth is 
becoming more and more marked in such a man- 
ner that at 21 the inferior incisive arch is ahnost 
straight. 

lEREGULAR MOUTHS. 

On account of the peculiar nature of some of the 
elements of the tooth and of its anatomical struc- 
ture, some jaws will either wear out too rapidly, 
while others will not, and on this account a young 
animal may present an old mouth, or an old indi- 
vidual will show all the characters of a young 



22 



How TO Tell the x^ge 



mouth. To approximate the age exhibited by such 
a mouth we will take off from the characters shown 
in the first case, or add to those of the second as 
many years as by approximation the tooth will show 
in measuring by lines the number which would be 
necessary to add or to take off to give the tooth its 
normal length. 

Fig. 2'6 shows a defective jaw of an old horse, in 




Fig. 23. 



which the external dental cavity is yet remaining ; 
the excessive length of the teeth allows us to make 
out the age by adding to the age given by the marks' 
of the crown as many years as there are lines in ex- 
cess in its length. 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 



23 




Fig. 24. 

Fig. 24 shows tlie jaw of a cribber, witli the wear- 
ing of the teeth on the front jaws. 




Fig. 25. 



24 Age of the Domestic Animals. 

Fig. 25 is a biscliopped mouth, easily recognized 
by the shape of the teeth and the presence of the 
dental star, which is not surrounded by the central 
enamel. 



AGE OF CATTLE. 



The calf is often born with the nippers and first 
middle teeth, or at least they are out in the first 
eight days. Towards the twentieth day the second 
middle teeth appear, and at the end of a month the 
corners. However, the dental arch is not perfect 
and round or full until five or six months. 

The wear of the teeth varying with the mode of 
feeding, in general it may be said that the milk nip- 
pers are worn at ten monthsy the first middle teeth, at 
one year, the second middle incisives at fifteen months^ 
and the corners at tiventy months. At this time the 




Fiff. 26. 



26 



How TO Tell the Age 



caduct nippers are shed and replaced by the perma- 
nent nippers, which are at their full growth at two 
years. 




Fig. 27. 



From two and a half to three years, appearance 
of the first middle permanent incisives (Fig. 28). 

From three and a half to four, that of the second 
middle permanent incisives (Fig. 29). 

From four and a half to five, that of the corners 
(Fig. 30). 

From five to six years, the jaw is full well round. 

'From seven to eight, the nippers are worn. 

From eight to nine, the middle teeth are worn. 

At ten years, the corners are worn. 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 



27 




Fig. 28. 29, 30 and 31. 



28 How TO Tell the Age 

At eleven years, the teeth begin to be quite short 
and somewhat separated. 

At twelve, the separation of the teeth is well 
marked. The dental star appears as a white band, 
and the teeth assume a square rubbing shape (Fig. 
31). 

After this age the characters are only vague and 
approximative. 



AGE OF SHEEP. 



The lamb is ordinarily born without teetli, but in 
about twenty-five clays these all grow, and the dental 
arch is full and round at three months (Eig. 32). 

Towards eighteen months, the milk nippers are 
replaced by those of adults (Fig. 33). 
3 months. 





Towards two years, the first middle milk teeth 
drop and are replaced by the adult teeth (Fig. 34). 

From three to three and a half years, the second 
middle adult teeth grow (Fig. 35). 

From four to four and a half years, the corners of 
second dentition are appearing (Fig. 36). • • 



30 



Age of the Domestic Animals. 



At five years, tlie dental arcli is round. 
At nine years, all the teeth are worn (Fig. 37). 
2 xjears. ^'^ 3^ year& 




Fir. 36. 



Fig. 37. 



AGE OF THE DOG. 



At birtli, the pup lia& generally all its incisives 
teeth. At that time his eyes are closed and remain 
so until the twelfth to fifteenth day. At two months 
begins the appearance of the permanent teeth. At 
five months all the incisives and tusks are replaced 
by adult teeth ; at eight months their growth is com- 
plete. 

Large dogs make teeth sooner than little ones. 

At one year, their teeth are fresh and without wear 
(Fig. 38). 

At two years (Fig. 39), wearing of the lower nip- 
pers and disappearance of the trifolium shape. 



32 



How TO Tell the Age 




Fin;. 38 



Fig. 39. 




Fig. 10. 




Fig. 41. 




Fig. 42. 



At three years (Fig. 40) loss of the trifolium shape 



OF THE Domestic Animals. 33 

of the inferior middle a.nd beginning of wear on the 
upper nippers. 

At four years (Fig. 41), superior nippers are worn 
and the teeth are becoming yellow. 

At five years (Fig. 42), all the teeth are worn. 
From that time, it is impossible to tell the animal's 
age. 



AGE OF THE PIG. 

At birtli are found the corners and tiisks ; and 
at three or four months the milk incisives are pres- 
ent. 

At six months, the lower corners are replaced by 
the permanent ones, the nippers and middle teeth 
being somewhat worn. 

At eight to eleven months, the caduct tusks are re- 
placed by those of second dentition. 

From twenty months to two years, the nippers are 
replaced by adult ones. 

From two and a half to three years, the middle 
teeth undergo the same change. 



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Tellor. " Diseases of Live Stock," and their most Efficient 
Remedies. By Lloyd V. Tellor, 8vo, cloth, illustrat- 
ed, $2.50; sheep 3 00 

Tuson. Pharmacopoeia, including Outlines of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in Veterinary Medicine. By 
R. V. Tuson. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

Veterinary Diagrams. Five Charts, each 22x28 inches in 
size, on stout paper, as follows, sold separately : 
No. 1, with eight colored illustrations. External Form 

and Elementary Anatomy of the Horse 1 50 

No. 2. Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse, with 

50 woodcuts 75 

No. 3. The Age of the Domestic Animals, with 42 wood- i 

' cuts .' 75 

. No. 4. The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule, and Ox, with 

59 woodcuts ^ 75 

No. 5. The' Elementary Anatomy, Points,and Butcher's 
.Joints of the Ox^ with 17 colored illustrations. With 

explanatory text.".' '. 1 50 

Price per set of five 5 00 



W. R. Jenkins's List of Veterivary Books. 



PRICE 



Walley. " Four Bovine Scourges." (Pleuro-Pneumonia, 
Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague, and Tubercle. , 
With an Appendix on the Inspection of Live Animals 
and Meat. By Thos. Walley, M.K.C.V.S. With 49 
colored illus. and numerous woodcuts. 4to, cl $6 40 

Webb. ' ' On the Dog. " Its Points, Peculiarities, Instsinct, 

and Whims. Illustrated with photographs 3 00 

WillKams. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 
New edition, entirely revised, and illustrated with 
numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, 
M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 5 00 

Williams. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery. 
New edition, entirely revised, and illustrated "with 
numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, 
M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 7 50 

Williams. Chart of the Contagious, Infectious, and Specific 

Fevers of the Domesticated Animals 1 00 

Zundel. "On the Horse's Foot." Translated by A. Liau- 

tard, M.D., D.V.S. , 1 50 



VETERINARY BOOKS IN FRENCH. 



Benion. Traite de I'Elevage et des Maladies des Animaux 

et des Oiseaux de Basse-Cour .$2 80 

Benion. Traite de I'Elevage et des Maladies du Mouton. . 3 60 

Benion. Traite de I'Elevage et des Maladies du Pore 2 60 

Beugrnot. Dictionnaire usuel de Chirurgie et de Medecine 

Veterinaire. 2 forts volumes in-8, avec planches 7 20 

Bouley. La Rage, moyen d'en eviter les Dangers et de 

prevenir sa Propagation 40 

Bouley-Reynal. Nouveau Dictionnaire Pratique de Mede- 
cine, de Chirurgie et Hygiene Veterinaire (to be com- 
pleted in 18 volumes), chaque volume 3 00 

Colin. Traite de Physiologic Comparee des Animaux; 
Par G. Colin, Professeiir a I'ecole Veterinaire d'Alfort ; 

avec Figures intercalees dans le texte. 2 vols, in-8 10 40 

Cruzel. Des Maladies de I'Espece Bovine. Par J. Cruzel. 5 60 
Dictionnaire. Lexicographique et Descriptif des Sciences 
Medicales et Veterinaires. Un tres-fort vol. de plus de 
1500 pages 8 00 

Oourdon. Traite de la Castration des Animaux Domestiques 3 60 



8 W. B. JenHni^'f^ List of Veterinary Books. 

PRICE 

Hcrtwi^. Les Maladies des Chiens et leur Traitement. . . $1 40 
Lecocq. Traite de I'Exterieur du Cheval et des Princip 

aux Animaux Domestiques 3 60 

Leyh. Anatomie des Animaux Domestiques 3 60 

Magne. Races Chevalines et leur Amelioration, Entretien, 

Multiplication, Elevaj^e et Education da Cheval, de 

I'Ane et du Malet. Par J H. Magne 3 20 

Mag'ne, Races Boyines et leur Amelioration, Entretien, 

Multiplication, Elevage et Engraissement du Boeuf . Par 

J. A. Magne 2 00 

Magne. Races Porcines et leur Amelioration, Entretien, 

Multiplication, Elevage et Engraissement du Pore. 

Par J. H. Magne 80 

Magne. Nourriture des Chevaux de Travail — ^brochure. ... 40 

Magne. Choix du Cheval 80 

Magne. Choix et Nourriture du Cheval. Par J. H. Magne. 

Avec Vignettes 1 40 

Mourod. Matiere Medicale ; ou la Pharmacologic Veterinarie.2 40 
Satnt-Cyr. Traite d' Obstetrique Veterinaire. Avec cent 

vignettes 5 60 

Signol. Aide Memoire du Veterinaire, Medecine, Ciiirurgie 

et Obstetrique; Par Jules Signol; avec 395 Figures. . . 2 40 
Tabourin. Nouveau Traite de Matiere Medicale Therapeu- 

tique et de Pharmacie Veterinaires, 2 fort volumes, 

in-8. avec plus de 100 figures 8 00 



